Communication Across Cultures An Essential Skill For...

Communicating across cultures has become an essential skill for multinational business leaders, as well as for employees who work in diverse environments. Hence, having a thorough understanding of cultural context (high, low, and everything in between) positions employees and managers to have effective internal and external communications with a range of stakeholders. I am interested in understanding high and low cultural context to enhance my current cross-cultural communication requirements and to use it as a variable as I consider establishing my own business in the future. Explanation of Key Term The importance of understanding communication across cultures, specifically high-context versus low-context, is to the business owner†¦show more content†¦Ultimately, there are many business process to which a global business leader may apply the nuances of high or low cultural context. Major Article Summary One article applied the concept to e-commerce. Prumyan and Broeder set out to describe how cultures on each end of the spectrum made purchasing decisions during online shopping (2016). Their study compared and contrasted consumer behaviors within a high-context culture, Armenia, and a low-context culture, The Netherlands, to determine practical implications for online marketing (Pirumyan Broeder, 2016). Foundational to their research was the application of several published theories behind purchasing behaviors of online shoppers such as: The Theory of Planned Behavior, Integrative Model of Behavioural Prediction, and Lim’s Theory of Online Buying Behaviour (Pirumyan Broeder, 2016, p. 35). Since their research used one product and two cultures, they noted that their findings could be enhanced by future research that includes a larger variety of products and consumers (Pirumyan Broeder, 2016). The authors presented several hypotheses concerning the i mpact of cultural context on attitudes toward online shopping and the type of product information that influences purchasing decisions. First, since low-context cultures depend on words and are more direct, they should demonstrate preference toward online shopping more than high-context cultures, who prefer broaderShow MoreRelatedThe Success Factors Of Multinational Corporations1272 Words   |  6 Pagesmost essential success factor in multinational corporations is related with the organization’s group of extremely competent international leaders and managers who have the global knowledge of consumer demands for services as well as products in a world scale, the knowledge of production and service capabilities, and also who can influence others in spite of diverse cultural or political backgrounds that make them think, analyze, decide, act and communicate in a different way than the leader (TeagardenRead MoreCultural Environment Of International Business Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pages Cultural Environment of International Business Vanda Mallo Keiser University â€Æ' Abstract Understanding the management role relative to cultural influences is critical for today’s managers who want to interact proficiently across borders. 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Due to political, cultural and geographic barriers, coordinating multinational workforce (MNW) can be a challenge for MNC managers (CavusgilRead MoreEconomic Liberalization- Overview1065 Words   |  4 PagesOverview Economic liberalization in the world has led to the expansion of many business organizations on a global scale. This global economy has in turn increased the number of cross-cultural interactions among various multinational companies. Globalization refers to a process which deals in developing relatively standardized products with global appeals, as well as rationalizing operations throughout the world (Barto and Martin, 1998). 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I/ Introduction: In times of rapid globalisation and economic development growth, the environment of business has become more and more complicated as a huge number of firms want to globally expand their businesses. Subsequently, the managerial implications of cross-cultural management is the challenge of this development. As Abbe (2007) states, cross-cultural leadership has developed as a way to understand leaders who work

Automated Recording and Monitoring System Thesis - 6218 Words

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Rationale of the study As computer technology is rapidly changing our world, it has permitted man not only store his knowledge, but to organize, manipulate, and modify it systematically. Organizations nowadays are adapting to office automation systems. Most schools use automated systems to lessen their work and minimize their problems in their system, and ACT(Asian College of Technology) is one of the school that is would like to adapt computerization for a more productive output. Yet, there are still problems that the school can not avoid such as storing of the student’s records in their scholarship programs. Some files are inevitably misplaced or lost because of the manual recording process.†¦show more content†¦Vendors of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) products are now supporting UML and it has been endorsed by almost every maker of software development products , including IBM and Microsoft (for its Visual Basic environment). Martin Fowler, in his book UML Distilled, observes that, although UML is a notation system enabling people to communicate about a model, it is developed from methodologies that also describe the processes in developing and using the model. While there is no one accepted process, the contributors to UML all describe somewhat similar approaches and these are usually described along with tutorials about UML itself. Among the concepts of modeling that UML specifies how to describe are: class (of objects), object, association, responsibility, activity, interface, use case, package, sequence, collaboration, and state. Fowlers book provides a good introduction to UML. Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson all have or soon will have published the official set of books on UML. UML is short for Unified Modelling Language and is an ISO ( International Standard) specification language for modelling objects. Its a refinement of earlier Object Oriented Design and Object Oriented Analysis methodologies. Collaboration Diagram. , also called a communicationShow MoreRelatedConceptual Framework of Computerized Inventory System2606 Words   |  11 PagesAUTOMATED SALES AND INVENTORY SYSTEM OF BISU CLARIN BUSINESS CENTER ______________ A Thesis Presented to the faculty of the Computer Science Department BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY Clarin Bohol ______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science By: Sendrijas, Irish P. Socorin, Margelyn T. Memoracion Dian Mark L. Daryl Valdez Adviser CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE INTRODUCTION Rationale Man has come along his way in doingRead MoreAttendance Monitoring Using Keycard System Chapter Ii1758 Words   |  8 PagesChapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies SYSTEM ANALYSIS amp; DESIGN CASE STUDY PROPOSAL OUTLINE CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING PAGE II 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background of the Locale 1.3 Statement of the Problem 1.4.1 General Problem 1.4.2 Specific Problem 1.4 Objective of the Study 1.5.3 General Objective 1.5.4 Specific Objective 1.5 Theoretical Framework 1.6.5 Conceptual FrameworkRead MoreForeign and Local Studies3842 Words   |  16 Pagesideas and also as guide. Also some related studies are intended to seek the solution to the problem and make them better by the used of proponent. Foreign Literature [1]According to the Right Pharmacy Management System, the key benefits of the pharmacy management system-automating processes, streamlining workflow and thereby enhancing the customer base-are attracting enough to draw retail pharmacy chains competing in a world of growing challenges. However, the choices are tough with a handfulRead MoreCashiering System3317 Words   |  14 PagesCOMPUTERIZED CASHIERING SYSTEM A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the College of Computer Studies Colegio De San Lorenzo Ruiz De Manila, Inc. In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirement for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Proponents Berame, Joseca Leslie, Salindayao Siervo, Sheryll Cardenas, Ma. Cristina Dr. Rolando Lansigan Adviser CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Colegio de San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila is currently using a manual way of recording, computing and storing theRead MoreBilling System3860 Words   |  16 Pagesdaily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities. Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Human-level pattern recognition, language recognition, and language production ability are well beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesisRead MoreComputerized Record System4514 Words   |  19 Pagesorganizations. Computer system has played an important role in monitoring the volume of work, which takes place everyday in almost all offices. This easy way of doing everything, such as keeping and retrieving records would not be possible output appropriate information system and technology that will go user user. 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Today manual operations are gradually replaced by systematic procedures which eventually improve one’s productivity. It is for this reason that the researchers propose a teachers’ Attendance Monitoring System of Asian College of Technology that is more improved and more enhanced. This will provide the institution and the administration an automated system to be used for the daily records of instructor’sRead MoreEffect Of Strains And Demands Essay1787 Words   |  8 Pageshave moved from human error to those related to the maintenance of and interface with automated processes.Therefore, these positive consequences of technology are related negatively with to other, particularly the increase in psychological strains and corresponding ergonomic demands on workers in automated manufacturing plants due to the increased attention and responsibility required for overseeing the automated operations process, impersonal working environment and monotony of work. 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Sure Things Free Essays

Gangyi Wu Mark Scamahorn Eng 110, March 15, 2012 Desperate to survival How can a big brother who loses his parents in a short period of time survive? How is it possible for him to take care of his little brother at the same time? In A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, the author Dave Eggers describes a long dialogue between him and his brother Toph. In fact, the dialogue is not happening in the real world; instead, it is a â€Å"me and I† dialogue. Dave talks about his long day in the beginning of this dialogue, while â€Å"Toph† extends the conversation to the discussion of Dave’s inner being. We will write a custom essay sample on Sure Things or any similar topic only for you Order Now Actually Dave is analyzing his behavior with respect to Toph. From the dialogue, we can tell Dave is desperate and is eager to have a normal life with Toph. Dave’s dialogue with â€Å"Toph’ shows Dave is aggressive. Dave is trying to escape the past and use moral authority to condemn other for the purpose of building himself up. Dave is trying to run away from the past guilt. The guilty feelings make Dave stay away from the past. â€Å"Toph† says, â€Å"You’re completely paralyzed with guilt about relating all this in the first place, especially the stuff earlier on. †(115). The past was horrible for Dave. He suffered a lot, he lost his parents, and more importantly, his family. He is afraid to remember his family, because he is afraid that those painful memories will haunt after him. The guilt, as â€Å"Toph† describes, constrains him. Dave feels guilty for his parents’ death. The â€Å"family† area in his brain is a forbidden zone. He preserves this area carefully in order to avoid the potential harm coming from the heartrending stories. Otherwise, these areas may drive him ballistic. As a result, Dave tries many ways to escape the guilt. At the very beginning of the conversation, Dave and â€Å"Toph† are talking about their long day. Dave argues that â€Å"this is a much pedestrian day than most†, because â€Å"this is just a caricature†¦ the skeleton†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (115) Toph says: â€Å"you’re†¦. doing little tricks, out of frustration. †(115). From this conversation, we can see that Dave is trying to make things look fake; he does not want things to get a hold of him, especially the guilty feelings. Instead of manipulating the old memories into â€Å"skeleton† and â€Å"caricature† he would rather treat them as his own real experience. He is numbing himself out. By discarding all the old things to jump out of the old memories, Dave also wants to have a brand new life with Toph. â€Å"Toph† says, â€Å"you can toss away all the old rules†¦ and for all your bluster you end up maintaining most of their customs. †(116). He is attempting to leave away from the rules in his old family; he wants to dominate his own rule and create a new home rule. He blusters and struggles. He is desperate! No matter how hard Dave tries, he fails, and all the failures gradually lead him to the edge of collapse. Dave becomes an aggressive man, because he is over sensitive about the potential harm may happen to Toph. â€Å"Toph† recounts a scene between Dave and a friend, Marny. Dave is irritated about Toph’s ignorance’s to call, after waiting for Toph to return home. Marny exhorts Dave not to be harsh but Dave wraths immediately, â€Å"you think you have a say in something like that, just because I am young. †(116) Apparently he is harsh to Toph and now he is mean to his best friend. Marny is showing him kindness whereas Dave attacks her simply because she doubts what he is doing. In this moment, Dave already becomes extremely sensitive. He regards himself as Toph’s mother, â€Å"you would never contradict some forty-year-old mother, would you? † (116) He is a forty-year-old â€Å"mother† who is old enough to have authority over Toph; Dave believes he has the competence to take care of Toph, and at the mean time he is doing a good parenting job. Therefore, no one can challenge his authority. Consequently Dave overly defends the leadership that he has over the new family. No one can judge an old â€Å"mother†. He is as bossy as an old â€Å"mother† holding the decision making power in his mind. Dave describes his attitude to those potential enemies from â€Å"Toph’s† words, â€Å"You’ll picture all manners of murders in my defense. Your visions will be vivid and horrifically violent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (117) Dave would like to punish his â€Å"enemies† in his own mind with weapons like a baseball bat. Dave values Toph the most in his heart, and anyone who dares to harm Toph should pay a high price. Dave will punish them as fierce as he can. Paragraph indicates that Dave lacks the sense of safety. Inside his imagination, outsiders always want to dig out his family’s scars and judge him and Toph. He desires to beat every enemy down before they appear, so that no one could harm them. He tries to condemn others by using his moral authority in order to gain confidence about life. Toph says, â€Å"You finally have the moral authority you’ve carved†¦And now your moral authority is doubled, tripled. And you use it any way you need to. † (118) The moral authority is the weapon Dave uses to intimidate others. For him it is a shield that protects him from being humiliated, since he is morally superior to others. This is exactly what Toph infers about his authority, â€Å"because it increases your leverage with other people. (119) As a result, Dave can judge others without getting criticism back. In the incomplete family, Dave and Toph are weak. However with the moral authority, he can rule over others; no one will have a judgment about his family, or Toph. He even judges his twenty-nine years old girl friend, â€Å"you’ll make this poor woman feel like a le per†¦ you want her to fell like a pariah, like a lower form of life†¦ what your feel anyone tethered to any addiction is. † (118) â€Å"Leper† and â€Å"pariah† are insulting words that a normal person would not use to criticize a smoking woman. By looking down on others and saying those insulting words, Dave is attempting to gain self-esteem. His behaviors make himself look like a superior. Although the people are living better than Dave, he refuses to accept reality. What Dave wants is to create a favorable family environment for Toph, to give him new home. In this family he is a father, a mother, a big brother and an orphan without parents. Dave is attempting pull himself out of the old and painful memories. On the other hand, he is shouldering the responsibilities of Toph. He talks to the imaginary Toph to cure himself with an â€Å"open heart surgery†. Toph is an illusion of real Toph in his heart. There two brothers are having a counseling session together indirectly. Dave loves Toph. He is playing his role as a protector. He wants to protect Toph from the people outside their house, to keep Toph from other people’s judgments. The only reason Dave becomes a desperate and pretended guardian is to become strong enough to stand up for Toph’s protection. Work Cited Eggers, Dave. A heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, New York. Vintage Books. 2000. 114-120. Print. How to cite Sure Things, Essay examples

Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Primarily

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Primarily. Answer: Introduction: It has been a norm globally for organizations to engage in corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility refers to an organization, institution or foundations giving back to the society for philanthropic purposes or giving in kind (Horrigan, 2010). This paper will be examining the motive behind organizations investing highly on corporate social responsibility, the paper will ask questions; like are the institution involved in corporate social responsibility in aid of the society in which their businesses are premised or are they giving in kind as selfless or altruistic acts and values. For proper illustration and justification, the paper will examine some of the internationally accredited and established business and their motive behind CSR. The aspect of organizations undertaking CSR in kind or altruistic value is raises a question, while the organizations might want to impact the society that they operate in positively, the communities or societies being supported by the businesses may consider the act of kind giving, as an opportunity for business in competitive advantage, or businesses giving to operate within their clauses, especially businesses that have a value of positive transformation of societies. CSR has even been used by political parties while campaigning, for instance in UK, the conservative party has advocated for responsible business across UK. Companies in the UK under influence of the conservative party will be seen giving for altruistic reason, though the motive behind is to be in terms with the ruling political parties (Horrigan, 2010). The society interprets CSR in good kind especially in most of the developing countries, organizations like the Coca-Cola, have invested in painting schools in Africa and maintenance of roundabouts on major roads, though societies and communities where Coca-Cola has presence will translate the kindness of the company to their society, Coca-Cola is giving for reputation management. Coca -cola is valued at 96% intangibly, the leader in soft drink business has managed to use its CSR activities to build its reputation, to be the most desired brand in soft drink, the organization giving in kind will be considered a selfless or altruistic motive though its giving to build its image and reputation in the market (Mullerat, 2010). Coca-Cola which thrives on the soft drink industry to thrive, discovered that its competitive strategies arent enough, it had to come up with other models that can support the strategies in place, thus the need to employ corporate social responsibility model.Corporate social responsibility involves companies, giving services or money in kind, supporting certain causes in the society where their business operates in. Coca-Cola supporting causes like donating football uniforms in primary schools where it has a business footprint, the uniforms are branded with coca cola logo. Coca-Cola also support digging of boreholes, especially in African communities, where piped water is very scarce The corporate social responsibility increases shareholder value, the aspect of giving uniforms to football clubs and supporting causes in the society, enables the society to interact more with the Coca-Cola brand. Most investors tend to partner or invest with companies that have certain principles, Corpo rate social responsibility gives Coca-Cola an advantage to woo investors. (Mullerat and Brennan, 2005). Most of the international organizations, tend to give back to the societies to be at cordial relationship with governments, companies that are seen supporting the local activities are normally perceived to be doing business and investing the same on the placement of their businesses other than channeling all their profits to the mother countries, or where the businesses are headquartered. The organizations are normally given tax incentives by the governments, where their businesses are premised, there is an open and free market and they are not subjected to corruption for their businesses policy and framework to be embraced in the societies. (Lacy and Salazar, 2006). In this context it will be wrong to interpret that an organization is only giving for the purpose of altruistic value. At times for the fear of losing customers, organization are obliged to engage in CSR activities, some of the clients to businesses might be large stakeholders or people who purchase goods and services in large volumes, their exit from business will have an implication on financial structure of an organization., some of the clients will prefer to invest their money in a business with good ethics, businesses seen to be taking care of the environment in operation. Customers tend to be loyal in purchasing from organizations that positively impact their surroundings. An organization will highly invest in CSR for the purpose of meeting the expectation of the customer and main stakeholders in the market. The society will perceive an altruistic value in the environment though blindly, the society is impressed at a cost. Customers will buy from the same organization and it is the profit as a result of their investment which will lead to CSR activities by organizations (Idowu and Leal Filho, 2 009). Institutions engaged in corporate social responsibility have a great share value in stock exchange, a cartel of businesses analyst tend to advise investors to boycott in buying shares from companies that arent giving in kind, this result to fall of share value in the market and a decline curve in profits is expected to a company not practicing such values of altruism, in the long run, an organization will be forced to engage in acts of giving alms or selflessness as perceived by the society though this is primarily for the purpose of safe guarding the share price in the market and avoidance of lose in stock value and market boycott from the investors and financial analysts (Hawkins, 2006) It has been observed globally; companies that engage in CSR activities increase employee loyalty, there is an increase too in motivation by the employees especially when the senior managers are seen actively participating in the CSR activities, the employees perceive the organization as one that is caring and they are proud to be supporters of the cause undertaken by the organization.( Mermod and Idowu, 2013 ).For instance, Avon has increased pride in its employees, to represent it to women, since the company donates to breast cancer research (Hemat and Yuksel, 2013). For this reason, companies will engage in corporate social responsibility, primarily to motivate its employees in objective execution of the company, employees will participate in representing their organizations though the employers have an expectation from them, this argument depicts the motive behind CSR in organizations. A top executive in any organization, will not abandon his or her busy schedule to engage in a Csr activity without an expected payback. Societies are improved when organizations invest on the corporate social responsibility roles, though a great analysis will reveal organizations roles and acts are not in kind but a desired objective in the market. The fruits to the organizations might not be physical at the particular moments the top executives, avail the CSR plans in the market, though fruits will be harvested in the long run. Most organizations donate in kind and also the merchandise donated are left with their corporate logo, for instance if its sports uniform, whenever the teams play, the spectator will not only enjoy football but they will be seeing advertisements running in the field, it will affect sales of the donating company positively and greater revenues will be experienced. Organizations will claim they are carrying out CSR activities for altruistic purposes though at some instances its a selfish motive. Some organization want to have a global presence, they do so by beginning Corporate social responsibility activities like funding education in Africa, later the organizations will partner with companies with good reputation and with some global presence, what follows the partnership in sponsorship of the CSR activities like aiding education, this enables the company seeking funds to have some presence globally. During the ground breaking ceremonies towards the CSR activities, both companies receive attention from the international media and thus they use the selfless act of corporate social responsibility to acquire some global market attention. Companies undertake the CSR to improve relations globally and at the same time have some global media coverage. (Spence, 2010). Organizations have departments that are in charge of the CSR activities, it doesnt happen in a vacuum, they strategically develop ways and plans toward execution of the activities. In comparison to advertising, CSR can be cheaper and the rate of believability is higher, a community will see an advert in between news bulletin and switch to the next station where there are less advertisements. People will always watch documentaries with information about a company giving back to the society, irrespective of how customers will tend to disagree on product pricing and services; they will agree highly agree on activities of an organization. Organizations cut on the cost of advertising either to the customers on the relevance of their business, or their employees, reasons why they should stick longer with the company even though their pay might not match up with the competitors (Lundstrom et al, 2013). It has been noted that most organization will tend to support CSR activities either in line of the business or in line with the evils that they are causing in the society, where the businesses are operated. Cement manufacturing firms are highly likely to engage in CSR activities like planting trees and conservation of the environment. Companies will cause evils in the society and respond to their ills on how they care about the environment which they have been polluting through carbon emissions and exposure of flora and fauna as they mine to produce cement, in this context the organizations are giving not for an altruistic reason, but to soothe and blind fold the society not question their business operations (Handford et al, 2011). Organizations that sell antiseptics and soaps will engage in CSR activities like washing hands in schools, they are advocating for cleanliness in the society at the same time they end up selling more soaps and antiseptics to the community, more pieces of soaps are sold than ones that were donated during the CSR activities. The society and schools see an altruistic value, but the company perceive an opportunity to advertise while cutting costs. There are organizations which give freely for altruistic values, churches and religious institutions, engage the community by availing them with commodities such as food, shelter and clothing, they will give to meet their religion values for instance in Christianity like giving alms to the poor is considered lending unto God (Barker et al,1985). Organizations with such doctrines will give freely and in acts of selflessness in the society. The organizations even depend on funding from their followers, they will not subject who gets the donations or the major beneficiaries of their donation but they will give in support or recognition to the values that they strongly believe in or support. Organizations like world food program, Hunger safety net program, support citizens in some of countries in Africa like southern Sudan and northern Kenya where people are hunger striven, they do all this for an altruistic purpose and they expect nothing in return from the beneficiaries or even under their strategies. They have an objective to feed people globally and others have an obligation to treat the sick, organizing medical camps and they will never receive any attention or gain anything its out of selflessness (Day and Lvheim, 2016). Conclusion The paper begins by defining corporate social responsibility as an act of giving back to the society for philanthropic purposes or giving in kind. Whether organizations give primarily for altruistic act in the society has been greatly discussed, the paper has analyzed the Coca-Cola company which has greatly given in kind, it has been noted that as a result of giving the organizations has market value and an asset value of 95% which is intangible derived from corporate social responsibility. Organizations are giving to woo customers, to retain employees and also to maintain relationships either with governments regulatory bodies or other organizations. On the other hand, organizations that are found on religious doctrines are giving for altruistic value, they endeavor to change livelihoods based on their beliefs. Whether institutions give primarily for altruistic purposes is a question with a two sided answer, for the community they are likely to believe in the organizations acts. The organizations are having an objective with their altruism. References Bader, V., 2007.Secularism or democracy? associational governance of religious diversity(p. 386). Amsterdam University Press. Barker, K.L., Burdick, D. and Burdick, D.W., 1985.The NIV study bible, new international version. Zondervan Bible Publishers. Day, A. and Lvheim, M., 2016.Modernities, Memory and Mutations: Grace Davie and the Study of Religion. Routledge. Horrigan, B., 2010.Corporate social responsibility in the 21st century: Debates, models and practices across government, law and business. Edward Elgar Publishing. Hawkins, D.E., 2006.Corporate social responsibility: balancing tomorrow's sustainability and today's profitability. Springer. Handford, M., Lisboa, M., Koester, A. and Pitt, A., 2011.Business advantage. Cambridge University Press. Hemat, H. and Yuksel, U., 2013. Perspective: Is Cause-Related Marketing Really.Corporate Social Responsibility in the Global Business World, p.1. Idowu, S.O. and Leal Filho, W., 2009.Global practices of corporate social responsibility. Berlin: Springer. Lacy, P. and Salazar, C., 2006. From the margins to the mainstream: Corporate responsibility and the challenge facing business and business schools. InCorporate Social Responsibility(pp. 233-244). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Lundstrom, A., Zhou, C., von Friedrichs, Y. and Sundin, E. eds., 2013.Social entrepreneurship: Leveraging economic, political, and cultural dimensions(Vol. 29). Springer Science Business Media. Mermod, A.Y. and Idowu, S.O., 2013.Corporate social responsibility in the global business world. Springer. Mullerat, R., 2010.International corporate social responsibility: the role of corporations in the economic order of the 21st century. Kluwer Law International. Mullerat, R. and Brennan, D., 2005.Corporate social responsibility: The corporate governance of the 21st century. Kluwer Law International. Reisch, L.A. and Th_gersen, J. eds., 2015.Handbook of research on sustainable consumption. Edward Elgar Publishing. Spence, L. and Painter-Morland, M. eds., 2010.Ethics in small and medium sized enterprises: A global commentary(Vol. 2). Springer Science Business Media. Sandoval, M., 2014.From Corporate to Social Media: Critical Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility in Media and Communication Industries (Vol. 123). Routledge.

Johann Sebastian Bach Essays (815 words) - German Lutherans

Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach was one of the greatest composers in Western musical history. More than 1,000 of his compositions survive. Some examples are the Art of Fugue, Brandenburg Concerti, the Goldberg Variations for Harpsichord, the Mass in B-Minor, the motets, the Easter and Christmas oratorios, Toccata in F Major, French Suite No 5, Fugue in G Major, Fugue in G Minor ("The Great"), St. Matthew Passion, and Jesu Der Du Meine Seele. He came from a family of musicians. There were over 53 musicians in his family over a period of 300 years. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany on March 21, 1685. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was a talented violinist, and taught his son the basic skills for string playing; another relation, the organist at Eisenach's most important church, instructed the young boy on the organ. In 1695 his parents died and he was only 10 years old. He went to go stay with his older brother, Johann Christoph, who was a professional organist at Ohrdruf. Johann Christoph was a professional organist, and continued his younger brother's education on that instrument, as well as on the harpsichord. After several years in this arrangement, Johann Sebastian won a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Northern Germany, and so left his brother's tutelage. A master of several instruments while still in his teens, Johann Sebastian first found employment at the age of 18 as a "lackey and violinist" in a court orchestra in Weimar; soon after, he took the job of organist at a church in Arnstadt. Here, as in later posts, his perfectionist tendencies and high expectations of other musicians - for example, the church choir - rubbed his colleagues the wrong way, and he was embroiled in a number of hot disputes during his short tenure. In 1707, at the age of 22, Bach became fed up with the lousy musical standards of Arnstadt (and the working conditions) and moved on to another organist job, this time at the St. Blasius Church in Muhlhausen. The same year, he married his cousin Maria Barbara Bach. Again caught up in a running conflict between factions of his church, Bach fled to Weimar after one year in Muhlhausen. In Weimar, he assumed the post of organist and concertmaster in the ducal chapel. He remained in Weimar for nine years, and there he composed his first wave of major works, including organ showpieces and cantatas. By this stage in his life, Bach had developed a reputation as a brilliant, if somewhat inflexible, musical talent. His proficiency on the organ was unequaled in Europe - in fact, he toured regularly as a solo virtuoso - and his growing mastery of compositional forms, like the fugue and the canon, was already attracting interest from the musical establishment - which, in his day, was the Lutheran church. But, like many individuals of uncommon talent, he was never very good at playing the political game, and therefore suffered periodic setbacks in his career. He was passed over for a major position - which was Kapellmeister (Chorus Master) of Weimar - in 1716; partly in reaction to this snub, he left Weimar the following year to take a job as court conductor in Anhalt-Cothen. There, he slowed his output of church cantatas, and instead concentrated on instrumental music - the Cothen period produced, among other masterpieces, the Brandenburg Concerti. While at Cothen, Bach's wife, Maria Barbara, died. Bach remarried soon after - to Anna Magdalena - and forged ahead with his work. He also forged ahead in the child-rearing department, producing 13 children with his new wife - six of whom survived childhood - to add to the four children he had raised with Maria Barbara. Several of these children would become fine composers in their own right - particularly three sons: Wilhelm Friedmann, Carl Philipp Emanuel and Johann Christian. After conducting and composing for the court orchestra at Cothen for seven years, Bach was offered the highly prestigious post of cantor (music director) of St. Thomas' Church in Leipzig - after it had been turned down by two other composers. The job was a demanding one; he had to compose cantatas for the St. Thomas and St. Nicholas churches, conduct the choirs,

Praying Mantis

Praying Mantis EVERYTHING You ever wanted to know on the subject PRYAING MANTIS, including the Martial Art and Cultural Significance Excellent job!!praying mantis(Mantis Religiosa)ContentsIntroductionClassesFirst Things FirstKey FeaturesBasic FeaturesDiet Combat StyleReproductionGrowth DevelopmentSelf-DefenseCultural SignificancePraying Mantis Kung-FuINTRODUCTION'Praying Mantis' is the name commonly used in English speaking countries to refer to a large, much elongated, slow-moving insect with fore legs fitted for seizing and holding insect prey. The name, 'Praying Mantis' more properly refers to the specific Mantid species Mantis Religiosa or the European Mantis, but typically is used more generally to refer to any of the mantid family. The name is derived from the prayer-like position in which the insect holds its long, jointed front legs while at rest or waiting for prey. It is also called the 'preying' mantis because of its predatory nature.CLASSESMany questions have risen regarding the prayi ng mantis.English: Mantis religiosa. Lisboa, Portugal. Franï ¿ ½...Such questions include how many different species there are in the animal kingdom. Estimates range from 1500 to 2200 different mantid species WORLDWIDE. The most common figure given, though, is about 1800.The ways the Mantid's are classified in the Animal Kingdom. There is agreement that the collection of mantid species make up the Mantidae family of insects. The Mantidae family, in turn, is part of the order/suborder Mantodea that includes a variety of mantid-like species. But the existing literature does not reflect a clear consensus about what insect order Mantodea belong in. Some have placed Mantodea in the Dictyoptera Order-with the roaches.Others place Mantodea in the Orthoptera Order-with crickets and grasshoppers. Finally, some believe that Mantodea constitute their own independent order of insects. There seems to be an emerging consensus around this position.FIRST THINGS FIRSTThe Mantis Religiosa was first. ..

Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas Research Paper

Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas - Research Paper Example He later proceeded to Yale Law School where he helped establish the Black student Union while at the same time developing a conservative approach to issues. After his legal training, Thomas moved back to the South in 1974 where he worked as the assistant to the Attorney General of Missouri Mr. John Danforth before later on taking up the job of being a lawyer to Monsanto, an agricultural firm. In 1981, he was appointed the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights at the United States Department of Education majorly due to his past in the civil rights movement and to balance the composition of this important part of the US government. He is now a conservative and controversial judge though initially he had wanted to pursue a religious life having had seminary education stints at the St. John Vianney Minor Seminary and Immaculate Conception Seminary in order to become a catholic priest or cleric. He however left the seminary and decided to fight for civil rights after he overheard a fellow student at the seminary make fun of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jnr. In the year 1982, President Ronald Reagan appointed Thomas as the Chairman of the EEOC, a position in which he held til the year 1990 when President George H.W Bush nominated him to serve as a Judge in the U.S Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. On July 1, 1991, after sixteen months as a judge of appeal, he was nominated to fill the position left vacant by Mr. Marshall who was almost similar with his views on civil rights at the Supreme Court. However, his nomination was opposed by critics who attacked him due to his views that were largely deemed conservative for the highest court of the land while others had the view that he had little experience as a judge of the superior courts. At the confirmation hearings, Thomas decided to remain quiet on a number of issues including rights on abortion and faced a difficult moment explaining himself out about suggestions that he had made unwelc ome sexual comments on a colleague both at the Department of Education and at the EEOC. However, he was confirmed by the United States Senate through a vote of fifty-two votes for him against forty-eight who opposed him. Thomas’s views at the Supreme Court have been the interpretation of the United States constitution from the original meaning by following from a conservative point of view (Totenberg). He has argued that the powers of the federal government must be limited and the states empowered as well as having a strong executive branch within the federal government. Clarence Thomas’s Legal Career and the Supreme Court Thomas was admitted to the Missouri bar on the 13th day of September 1974 from where he practised as an assistant Attorney General of the State of Missouri under Attorney General Danforth whom he had met at the Yale Law School. At the AG’s office, he worked at the criminal appeals section before being assigned duties at the taxation and revenu e division. After the election of Danforth to the United States senate, Thomas joined Monsanto as an attorney before moving to Washington to work with his former colleague Danforth where he worked as a legislative attorney attached to the Senate Commerce Committee. Later on Dansforth played a key role in the confirmation and appointment of Thomas as a judge of the Supreme Court. After a one year stint as Assistant Secretary of Education for the Office for Civil Rights in the U.S. Department of Education from 1981-1982, he became the Chairman of the United

ANTIGENS, ANTIBODIES AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE Essay

ANTIGENS, ANTIBODIES AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE - Essay Example This essay shall discuss antigens, antibodies, and the immune response, including what can happen when a patient has an immune reaction to a blood transfusion. First and foremost, the skin itself is the body’s first line of defence. The skin defends the body as it makes it impenetrable to organisms (Kauffman, et.al., 2002). The oil and sweat glands of the skin helps prevent the growth of microorganisms; moreover, sweat has lysozymes which then break down bacterial cell walls. Aside from the skin, the digestive and respiratory tracts also have natural defence mechanisms (Raven, 2006). The cells lining these tracts contain bronchi and bronchioles where mucus is secreted and where microorganisms are then trapped. They are then naturally expelled through coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and diarrhoea. The second line of defence of the body is the cellular level line of defence. Such line of defence includes cells of the body which mostly function for the specific management and elimination of microorganisms (Gorbach, et.al., 2003). The macrophages are the large and irregularly shaped cells. They usually eliminate microbes by ingesting them using the process of phagocytosis. In the macrophage, the lysosome is fused with the bacteria and the microbe is then killed with free radicals in significant quantities released (Raven, 2006). Macrophages also consume viruses and dust particles. They are located in the extracellular fluid and their actions support the actions of other parts of the body, mostly the spleen and the bone marrow. The neutrophils are another type of cell which helps fight off microorganisms (Hornef, et.al., 2002). These are leukocytes which ingest and then kill bacteria, also applying the process of phagocytosis. They also release chemicals which kill the bacteria. The natural killer cells do not directly attack the

First Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

First Amendment - Essay Example She got furious, scolded him for being a failure all his life and quickly wrote him a referral to principal. Once Jacob refused to leave class, school security was called in to escort him out. Later a parent conference meeting was scheduled and he was awarded an hour detention for a week. Was Jacob’s right of freedom of expression under first amendment violated? Was the management decision justified? How can we draw a balance between rights and obligations under the garb of freedom of expression? One’s unpopular speech is other’s free speech. Is disciplining student a right reserved to college faculty? This essay tends to analyze these questions by comparing two essays from Stanley Fish and Stuart Taylor in order to seek a plausible role of first amendment in college campus. Stanley Fish, in his essay â€Å"The Free Speech Follies†, argues that there is general tendency in America to hide behind first amendment. He is clearly troubled by the double standar ds which prevail in college campuses seeking refuge under attire of first amendment. He advocates acceptance of consequences of one’s speech as there is never an obligation to say anything at any point of time. On the contrary, Stuart Taylor Jr., in his essay â€Å"How campus censors squelch freedom of speech†, argues that college campus policies violate the First Amendment rights of students and one shouldn’t be punished or penalized for what he/she say. Although, Taylor and Fish both make evenhanded arguments, Taylor’s arguments are more convincing because of his rational of a more comprehensive view of the First Amendment. Fish initial argument starts from Fredrick Schauer description of first amendment opportunism i.e., tendency to hide behind the first amendment. Both of them believe that â€Å"such claims are just moral, social, economical, ideological assertions but do not have any special philosophical and historical affinity with first amendment †. So, what was the philosophy which shaped first amendment? Wasn’t it to foster a society and land of free from tyranny? It was the dire need for protection of rights of all Americans to express their moral, religious, political, and other convictions / opinions that envisaged First Amendment. This philosophy shaped political, cultural, moral and social values promoting freedom of expression over the years. Critical thinking and approach is evident from Supreme Court’s interpretation of First amendment in series of judgments over the years. Therefore, it does not seem appropriate to assert that these claims have no philosophical and historical affinity with First Amendment. Fish is clearly troubled by the double standards practiced in campus. He illustrates it with example of editors in campuses. He believes that an editor exercise judgment when he decides what to publish or not and it is different from silencing and self censorship. Silencing means to compel or reduce to silence while censorship implies control exercised repressively (merriam-webster). Fish argues that no one is silenced because a single outlet declines to publish their work but still has choice to say what he wants to say. He believes â€Å"Silencing occurs when that outlet (or any other) is forbidden by the state to publish him on pain of legal action; censorship is the same†. He further adds â€Å"Self-censorship, in short, is not a crime or a moral failing; it is a responsibility† I agree with Fish on this account that there needs to be more

Inquiry into Patient Death

Inquiry into Patient Death Case Study ‘Clinical Detective’ Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Objectives Background Discussion Leadership attributes Recommendation Conclusion References Total Word Count: 1601 Report for the Bunbury Regional Hospital’s quality and safety committee into the death of Josephine Wilma Troy Introduction This report has been prepared for the Bunbury Regional Hospital’s quality and safety committee, following the death of Josephine Wilma Troy on 14 February 2006. Mrs. Troy was a 63 year old lady who had been diagnosed with leukemia in 2004 and was treated with chemotherapy initially. The diagnosis was later refined to prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare chronic leukemia, as Mrs. Troy’s leukemia persisted in her bone marrow after an initial course of chemotherapy. Disease together with chemotherapy compromised her blood production capacity. She had low white blood count, low platelet count and low hemoglobin and was susceptible to infection and febrile neutropenia. Mrs. Troy had been issued with febrile neutropenia card to warn health care workers regarding her susceptibility to febrile neutropenia. On 12/02/2006, Mrs. Troy had a temperature of 38 °C and attended Bunbury Regional Hospital with her card. She was started on antibiotic and a full blood screen was ordered in view of her susceptibility to febrile neutropenia. She recorded a very low platelet count (3), which required a platelet transfusion. She was admitted to St. John of God Hospital, Bunbury for treatment of neutropenia sepsis. The following day her platelet count dropped even lower (1). An order was placed for platelet from Australian Red Cross Blood services. She was transfused with two units of blood. There was apparent improvement in her condition after the blood transfusion. In the early hours of 14/02/2006, Mrs. Troy suffered a significant deterioration in her condition. The platelets were transfused in the morning of 14/02/2006. However Mrs. Troy suffered a catastrophic intracranial bleed and did not recover from it. Objectives This report will look in to the events that lead to death of Mrs. Troy and critically evaluate the key findings. Finally it will make recommendations to reduce the reoccurrence of similar adverse event. It is expected that the recommendations will be examined and will be included in to clinical guide lines and policies by this hospital and other hospitals. Background As a registered nurse in charge of the ward the facts resulted in the adverse event need to be evaluated. Discussions have taken place with health care providers who were in charge of Mrs. Troy and patient’s records have been assessed in order to gather information for this report. Description of Models Two theories were used in examining the findings namely the Human Factors Model and the Swiss Cheese Model. According to United Kingdom health and safety executive, human factors refers to† environmental, job or organisational factors and human and individual characteristics and how they influence on individuals health and safety related behavior (Health and Safety Executive, 1999, p.2 as cited in World Health Organisation, 2009)†. It inspect the relationship between human being and the system they interact with and focus on improving productivity, job satisfaction, efficiency and minimising errors (Patients Safety First,2010). The Swiss cheese model evaluates a chain of events that lead to an error to learn from the errors (National Council of State Board of Nursing, 2011). It explains that there are many levels of defence in a system like checking of medication before administration, marking surgical site, guidelines, experienced staff etc. (NCSBN, 2011). If these defence barriers are in place it prevent the error form happening. But in reality the defences are full of holes like poor communication, lack of guidance etc. (Reason, 2000). These holes are known as latent conditions or active failures. Active failures have immediate and direct effect on the outcome as it is the unsafe act committed by the individual who are in direct contact with the patient or system (Reason, 2000). Latent conditions are resident errors within the system as they arise from the decisions made by the top management. They may stay in the system for many years before create an error. Examples include staff shortage, high workloa d. When all levels of defence are penetrated by a combination of active failure and latent conditions a patient safety incident will occur. Discussion Identifying the active failures is the first step in assessing the events leading to Mrs. Troy’s death. This will help in identifying the underlying latent conditions. Active failures Mrs. Troy’s change of diagnosis, (from acute lymphobastic leukemia to prolymphocitic leukemia) did not document in progress note. Unawareness of Health care professional involved in Mrs. Troy regarding her stay during the intensive monitoring period. She resided in Bunbury instead of Fremantle. Dr. Webb didn’t communicate his expectation of Mrs. Troy to remain in Fremantle area for easy access to hospital in case of complications. Mr. Mclntyre failed in requesting to order urgent platelet when he had a clear understanding of the relevance of a low platelet count. Even though Mrs. Troy had experienced an extreme low platelet count nothing was done by the staff to provide transfusion as soon as possible. Dr. Terren was not provided with the observation that Mrs. Troy’s temperature had raise to 40 °C. Dr. Terren didn’t mark urgent on the original request form for platelet. Mr. Bastow did not advice Dr. Terren that platelet could be obtained earlier than the next day in case of emergency. Latent conditions Failures in communication Communication breakdown has occurred at various stages of this case. Mrs. Troy’s change of diagnosis, (from acute lymphobastic leukemia to prolymphocitic leukemia) and its significance in change of life expectancy and treatment regime did not communicated to her and her family which caused lots of misunderstanding to her family. Dr. Webb didn’t communicate his expectation of Mrs. Troy to remain in Fremantle area for easy access to hospital in case of complications. There was a clear misunderstanding about discharge and discharge home between Mrs. Troy and the hospital staff. Mr. Bastow did not communicate to Dr. Terren that platelet could be obtained earlier than the next day in case of emergency. Failures in documentation Mrs. Troy’s change of diagnosis, (from acute lymphobastic leukemia to prolymphocitic leukemia) did not document in progress note. The letter to Mrs. Troy’s GP would only be placed in her file once typed following Dr. Webb’s outpatient clinic. The disadvantage with this practice was Fremantle staff did not have access to Dr. Webb’s revised management plan at the time they saw Mrs. Troy. Inadequate basic training Lack of knowledge about complication of low platelet count and procedures regarding request for urgent platelet from Australian Red Cross Blood service were evident. This resulted in delay in providing transfusion at the most critical phase. Dr. Terren was not provided with the observation that Mrs. Troy’s temperature had raise to 40 °C. Inadequate staffing There was only one medical scientist available. He was not on duty when nursing staff tried to collet platelet. This caused further delay in transfusion as platelets could not be collected before they had been properly checked by medical scientist. Leadership attributes A combination of leadership attributes are necessary to do a successful investigation of the events leading to Mrs. Troy’s death. Transformational and effective leadership is essential for success in a healthcare organisation (Huber, 2010). Flexibility is one of the attributes. The investigator should be able to adapt to a challenging situation. Be a good communicator in order to obtain as much as information about the event and to consider all options (Marshall, 2011). Open- minded to evaluate inputs from all interested parties in decision making. Be able to utilise all the resources available. Investigator should be well educated on policies procedures and organisational norms (Huber, 2010). Investigator should be a good evaluator. Good evaluation of events is necessary for an organisation to improve, to change programs and policies that are not working (Daly, Speedy and Jackson, 2004). Critical thinking and problem solving skills are essential to achieve success (Sullivan a nd Decker, 2005). Recommendation Febrile Neutropenia medical alert card should indicate patient’s current diagnosis in order to provide adequate information at critical situation and to facilitate necessary treatment. Current diagnosis, treatment plan and expected outcome should discuss with patient and family to avoid misunderstanding and to take necessary precautions in case of complications. Employment of adequate number of medical scientists to prevent delay in checking platelets before administration. A medical scientist should present in the hospital at all times. Current diagnosis and new treatment plan should indicate in patient’s progress note immediately following consultation. Basic training should be given to staff regarding complication of low platelet count, necessary observations, proper way of ordering and obtaining platelet in case of emergency. Guidelines to obtain blood product from ARCBS should be readily available in all wards. Protocols regarding platelet transfusion (like platelet transfusion should be commenced if platelet count is below 10X/L for chemotherapy patients) should be kept visible in all wards (Slichter, 2007). Conclusion Numerous preventable factors were identified during the analysis of Mrs. Troy’s case. When latent conditions combined with active failures, they created multiple holes in the defence barrier. When these holes aligned together the tragic death of Mrs. Troy occurred. More effective defence has been recommended to ensure that these holes do not open and align again. The recommendation includes proper communication, adequate documentation of current treatment plan and diagnosis, employment of adequate staff, availability of guidelines and protocols and adequate basic training of the staff. The best way to prevent errors is to identify and remedy the underlying system failures rather than blaming individual (Sullivan and Gerald, 2010). Every health care professional have the responsibility to learn, to improve and to provide safe healthcare to the patients under their care.

Genocide Essay -- History, Hitler, The Holocaust

Living through genocide is a horrific tragedy that no one should ever have to endure. While there have been numerous genocides within the last century, the holocaust was a genocide that killed over 12 million innocent people and segregated them by religion, sex and age. Since the end of the holocaust, many survivors wrote their stories accounting the horrific lives they led, while some eliminated parts of their story, others felt that it was necessary to show the entirety of what had occurred. With these first hand accounts, the reader is able to see the differences between how men and women lived their everyday lives as well as how they were treated by Hitler’s regime. In Elie Wiesel’s, Night, and Sara Nomberg-Przytyk’s, True Tales from a Grotesque Land, Auschwitz, men and women prisoners lived lives that the everyday reader would find impossible. By reading these accounts, the readers can question themselves as to why this occurred as well as to why it matter s. While people heard stories about the atrocities that were going on within the camps, many families did not want to believe them. Other families did not want to immigrate into other countries that were considered safe because they felt that they were too old to start a new life in a new country. Entering the holocaust at a young age, Elie Wiesel’s only reliance was his family. Separated from his mother and sister as soon as they arrived at the camp, the only person he had by his side was his father. Having to depend on his father, Elie made decisions that would benefit them as a pair such falsifying his age when he entered the camp. By making these decisions there would be a better chance that they would be able to stay together as a family. After entering the camp... ...and terrible sores all over their bodies† (Nomberg-Przytyk 95). With the author stating that she still had a heart makes the reader understand that people truly cared about others inside the camps, they did not want others to die. Throughout the holocaust, men and women prisoners lived lives that the everyday reader would find impossible. While men and women were treated differently during the holocaust, the overlying image of genocide is what is important for people to learn about. By reading Elie Wiesel’s, Night, and Sara Nomberg-Przytyk’s, True Tales from a Grotesque Land, Auschwitz, the reader is able to answer why reading the stories of the past still matter. By preserving the history of the men and women within the holocaust, the following generations will be able to remember the 12 million people killed during Hitler’s regime.

Four Functions of Management Essay

1. Explain the relationships among the four functions of management. The four functions of management are planning, organizing, influencing, and controlling. Each can be discussed individually, but as the text says are integrally related. Each play a key role in meeting organizational goals. Planning involves choosing the tasks that are to be performed to meet the organizations goals, this is tied to organization. Because organizing is tied to planning it can be interpreted as used the planned task, and then assigning them to people within the organization to put into action. Next is influencing, as you have made plans, and organized it into task, your influence over the personnel assigned and how they approach the organizations goals is key. How you motivate, lead, or direct them toward the goals is the primary goal. In a sense, influencing is a way you can obtain the fourth and final function, controlling. By measuring the performance of the personnel who have responsibility for the assigned tasks, you can then compare this to expected standards, then either influence them towards more positive gains, plan additional tasks, or steps to achieve, more, or continue to monitor progress towards goals. Each function with separate is integrally related and implements to meal organizational goals. 2. How can controlling help a manager to become more efficient? This ongoing process gives the manager the ability to gather information that measures performance, compare that progress to established standards, and then decide of addition steps or changes need to be made to insure compliance with the established standards. This process of continued process improvement, and supervising the results is paramount to achieving goals. 3. What is the value in having managers at the career exploration stage within an organization? Why? The decline stage? Why? Managers in the career exploration stage, are in a growth or upward trend in their careers, they are active in the tasks of finding that position that suits them and meets a certain comfort level, these managers are in a learning stage, willing to take on new challenges, and try new things. They are highly motivated, and working towards established goals. The decline stage is usually identified as a follow on to a maintenance phase, where no upward growth has occurred, and or the employee/manager has begun to stagnant in their position. These older, longer serving employees, have a wealth of experience, but are failing to meet the originally Scott D. Oram  and expected performance standard. They can be used to train new levels of management, and finding those members of the next generation who are going to become the next set of exploration-minded individuals. 4. Discuss your personal philosophy for promoting the careers of women managers within an organization. Why do you hold this philosophy? Explain any challenges that you foresee in implementing this philosophy within a modern organization. How will you overcome these challenges? 5. How will you be able to use the classical approach to management in your job as a manager? 6. How does Henri Fayol’s contribution to management differ from the contributions of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth? 7. Discuss the primary limitation of the classical approach to management. Would this approach be more significant to manager of today than managers would in the more distant past? Explain. 8. What is the ‘systems approach’ to management? How do the concepts of closed and open systems relate to this approach?

International Competition Essays - Marketing, Communication Design

International Competition Essays - Marketing, Communication Design International Competition Consumer Behaviour Consumers have so many choices to make compared to ten or even twenty years ago. Today as always, business growth depends heavily on loyal customers who return because they are satisfied with the product and/or service they have received. But first companies have to bring consumers into the stores. The companies bring consumers into the store by marketing their product. The average consumer would probably define marketing as a combination of advertising and selling. It actually includes a good deal more. Modern marketing is most simply defined as directing the flow of goods from producers to customers. In order to answer this question fully we must define consumer goods which means goods that are used or bought for use primarily for personal, family, or household purposes. The paper outlines the contributions of marketing through fast moving consumer goods. Promotion, which works hand in hand with marketing a product, allows the product to be relayed to the right consumer through cam paigns. A Market research must be completed to find a target audience which is used for promotional and advertising reasons. The last part of the scheme is the actual advertising of the good which pulls the consumer into the store. Marketing has had an influential impact on fast moving consumer goods through abroad range of activities including, promotion, market research, and advertising. Promotion is used to communicate information about goods and services to target market audiences thereby facilitating the exchange process. Promotion plays an important role in informing, educating, persuading and reminding customers. The promotional mix is adjusted according to the organizations promotional objectives and its marketing situation. Generally, in consumers services, marketing and advertising will be by far the main component and the most expensive. Promotion is essentially about communication. Target audiences need to receive information about goods and services before they can begi n to consider making a purchase. The promotional objectives will influence the nature of the promotional message and the type of appeal used to get the message across. One of the key tasks in designing and executing promotional programmes is the selection of appropriate media for advertising and other forms of communication. The range of possible media choice is extensive but will ultimately be governed by factors such as the budget available and the target audience profile. The development of an effective promotional campaign involves combining the promotional mix elements in the most appropriate way to meet the organizations communications objectives. Evaluation and monitoring is important and one method of evaluation is by completing marketing research. (Woodruffe 1995149,163-4) An advertisement, or a campaign of advertisements, is planned in much the same way a successful salesperson plans the approach to be used on a personal call. The first stage is working out the strategy. T his requires a thorough analysis of all available market research, personal discussionsor focus groupswith typical prospective buyers of the product, and knowledge of all competitive products and their advertising. Based on the understanding and insights derived from this information, advertising professionals write a strategy that defines the prospects that constitute the target market to which they must direct the message and what must be communicated in order to persuade the prospects to take the action that is desired. With this strategy as a guide, copywriters and art directors begin to create the advertisements. At this second stage they try to come up with an idea that involves the prospect, pertains to his life or problems, and is memorable. The idea can take the form of an unexpected set of words or a graphic symbol. It also can be a combination of words and graphics, and even music. An advertising idea works best when it is a totally unexpected yet thoroughly relevant fulf illment of the strategy. The third stage is the execution of the idea. This means turning the idea into some form of communication that a prospect can see or hear. For print advertising, execution involves writing text, taking photographs or commissioning drawings, arranging elements on the page (layout), setting type, making photo engravings, and so on. For broadcast advertising, it may mean writing dialogue and composing music, hiring actors and recording voices, filming in a studio or on location. Throughout all

Free Essays on Uranus

Uranus, the first planet discovered in modern times, was discovered by William Hershel while systematically searching the sky with his telescope on March 13, 1781. It had actually been seen many times before but ignored as simply another star (the earliest recorded sighting was in 1690 when John Flamsteed cataloged it as 34 Tauri). Herschel named it "the Georgium Sidus" (the Georgian Planet) in honor of his patron, the infamous (to Americans) King George IIIof England; others called it "Herschel". The name "Uranus" was first proposed by Bode in conformity with the other planetary names from classical mythology but didn't come into common use until 1850. Uranus has been visited by only one spacecraft, Voyager 2 on Jan 24 1986. Most of the planets spin on an axis nearly perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic but Uranus' axis is almost parallel to the ecliptic. At the time of Voyager 2's passage, Uranus' south pole was pointed almost directly at the Sun. This results in the odd fact that Uranus' polar regions receive more energy input from the Sun than do its equatorial regions. Uranus is nevertheless hotter at its equator than at its poles. The mechanism underlying this is unknown.... Free Essays on Uranus Free Essays on Uranus Uranus, the first planet discovered in modern times, was discovered by William Hershel while systematically searching the sky with his telescope on March 13, 1781. It had actually been seen many times before but ignored as simply another star (the earliest recorded sighting was in 1690 when John Flamsteed cataloged it as 34 Tauri). Herschel named it "the Georgium Sidus" (the Georgian Planet) in honor of his patron, the infamous (to Americans) King George IIIof England; others called it "Herschel". The name "Uranus" was first proposed by Bode in conformity with the other planetary names from classical mythology but didn't come into common use until 1850. Uranus has been visited by only one spacecraft, Voyager 2 on Jan 24 1986. Most of the planets spin on an axis nearly perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic but Uranus' axis is almost parallel to the ecliptic. At the time of Voyager 2's passage, Uranus' south pole was pointed almost directly at the Sun. This results in the odd fact that Uranus' polar regions receive more energy input from the Sun than do its equatorial regions. Uranus is nevertheless hotter at its equator than at its poles. The mechanism underlying this is unknown....

9.Is gambling an irrational form of consumption Essay

9.Is gambling an irrational form of consumption - Essay Example Johnson et al. (1999, p.19) tried to identify the taxation provisions that refer to gambling in UK and came to the conclusion that ‘betting-shop gamblers in the UK face a tax on gambling of 10%, but have the choice of paying the tax either at the time of wager or on any return on a successful bet; more than 18% of bets appear to be placed by gamblers who choose to pay tax on the return.’. The above study focuses on a particular aspect of gambling, the taxation. However, gambling is not only part of the national economy. It is mainly a human activity that needs to be explored as of its reasons. In the literature, gambling has been related with the consumption; it is stated by many theorists and researchers (the relevant views are presented in the sections that follow) that gambling is rather an ‘irrational’ form of consumption. The validity of this assumption will be proved through the analysis that is made in the paragraphs that follow. Gambling should be characterized as the activity of spending money on various types of games that offer the chance of profit (the monetary amount spent in gambling is less from the amount expected to be received). The level of the money spent on gambling and the chances for achieving a specific profit are depended on the terms and the conditions of each game. Through the years, gambling has been expanded in the Internet. Regarding this issue, the study of Brindley (1999, p.281) showed that ‘gambling via interactive technology is already underpinned by two recent changes in consumer behaviour: first, increasing familiarisation with interactive technology and second, by changes in the way the gambling market operates; the synergy between marketing gambling and technology will transform the production and consumption of gambling’. In other words, the characteristics of gambling are expected to be changed continuously following the trends of the

Investment Finance-II Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Investment Finance-II - Assignment Example Answer – 1: HPR, AAR and GAR The company selected for Part - A is AMP Ltd. It is a financial services company headquartered in Sydney, Australia. a) The monthly HPR (Holding Period Returns) can be calculated using the following formula: HPR = (end period value – initial value)/initial value The data for HPR is the adjusted close price of AMP Ltd starting from July 2013 to June 2015. The results of the calculation are summarized graphically below: Variance, standard deviation, maximum and minimum is calculated using the following formulas, Standard deviation = ; in excel, SD = stdev (array of numbers) Variance = (SD)2 Maximum = max (array of numbers) Minimum = min (array of numbers) The results of calculation is summarized and shown below:- The arithmetic average and geometric average of returns are calculated in excel using the functions AVERAGE (array of numbers) and GEOMEAN(array of numbers) and the results are shown below: d) Based on the given problem the number of shares bought are 11,055 as shown below The number of shares is calculated by diving available funds with adjusted close price Based on the given assumptions the total gain will be $ 23,598 as shown below